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RealWorldGraduation_Question_49_Malaria   <– PDF

A chemical known as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane was accidentally discovered in 1874 by O. Zeidler; and was re-discovered by P. Muller in 1939. It was found to be a very effective pesticide.  Its name was abbreviated to DDT, and was produced commercially and used widely from 1943 until it was banned from use in 1972.  It was banned due to allegations, since proven to be false, that DDT caused the thinning of bird’s eggs, caused cancer in humans, and reduced the populations of eagles, falcons, and pelicans.  The main reason it was banned was because the environmental activists wanted to establish a power base, and used the banning of DDT as their test case.  The greatest benefit of DDT was in combating the mosquito-borne disease malaria: while it was being used, several million deaths from malaria were prevented [1].  Malaria has always been fairly rare in the U. S.

Since DDT was banned, about 300 to 500 million cases of malaria occur worldwide each year, and about 1 million black people in southern Africa die from it; most of these fatalities are children under 5 years of age.  There is at present no vaccine for malaria; and treatment of it must occur rapidly and in the right dosage; otherwise relapses may occur (sometimes decades later) [2].

The best way to prevent an outbreak of malaria is to suppress the population of the mosquito that spreads it. Consider the following scenario.  An infestation of the malaria-transmitting mosquito is discovered in Manhattan (part of New York City), and the use of pesticides other than DDT proved ineffective in reducing the mosquito population.  Because malaria is so rare in the U. S., Americans have no immunity to the disease (since immunity comes from exposure).  Experts therefore predict that about 15% of the population of Manhattan would get malaria, and about 5000 people living in Manhattan (nearly all children) would be expected to die from the epidemic.  What would happen?

a) The people of Manhattan would all temporarily move to their upstate summer homes, and wait for the epidemic to move to Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, the Bronx, and New Jersey.

b) The people of Manhattan would sell their homes, quit their jobs, and move elsewhere.

c) The people of Manhattan would stay put, continue their normal activities, and watch 5000 children die; reasoning that it is only fair that each resident of Manhattan accept the same risks as other people, especially since malaria is a naturally-occurring disease.

d) The people of Manhattan would remain in Manhattan, but would close themselves up in their homes as a self-imposed quarantine, until all the mosquitoes either died or moved elsewhere.

e) Some combination of a) through d). In other words, those who could afford to move would do so; those who could maintain quarantine would do so, and those who could do neither would have to risk their children’s lives.

[1]        www.junkscience.com/ddtfaq.htm

[2]        www.cdc.gov/malaria/faq.htm

RealWorldGraduation_Question_45_Allocation_of_Blame   <– PDF

A wife had to go to a Garden Club meeting. She told her husband to stay home while she was out, and asked him to watch Channel 6 and get the winning lottery numbers.  Also, she did not like the friends he was likely to hang out with (especially Bob).  The husband was resentful of the way his wife had ordered him around.  While his wife was gone, the husband noticed that they were out of beer, so he decided to violate his wife’s wishes.  He left the house to go and buy some beer.  On the way, his truck ran out of gas.  So he called his friend Bob, who met him where the truck was, and brought him a few gallons of gas.  Bob went back home, and the husband continued onto the store.  As he was going into the store, a mugger tried to hold him up.  The husband refused to give the mugger his beer money, so the mugger shot and killed the husband.  Who is to blame for the death of the husband?

a) The wife, for not treating the husband with respect, which provoked him into leaving the house. If he had stayed home, he would be alive now.

b) The husband, for leaving the house when his wife specifically told him to stay home.

c) Bob is at fault because he provided the gas that enabled the husband to get to the store where he was killed.

d) The husband, because he refused to obey the mugger.

e) Everyone in the story shares some of the blame except for the wife.

(The answer is on p. 2 of the PDF.)